专家提供两条管理课堂的建议。一个是一般课堂的管理；第二个就是集中处理学生扰乱课堂的行为，比如未经允许离开座位，和老师顶嘴，和老师有肢体冲突。
A three-tiered model
三阶式模式
有了这个新的模式，老师们使用起来会很方便而且不花费任何费用。
The modules are a combination of streaming audio and slides.
这个模式是“是音频与幻灯片的组合”。
The target audience? "Teachers who need a little brush-up on classroom management or incoming teachers who didn't get what they needed from their education school curriculum," says Subotnik, helping get the word out about the modules' availability.
这个模式目标对象是谁？“那些需要在课堂管理上花心思的老师，和一些无法从学校课程中得到所需东西的新晋老师。”专家说，帮助老师利用模式的力量说出想说的话。
一般课堂管理依赖于三阶模式：
Promoting a positive environment. 营造一个积极的氛围。
针对全体学生，这个层次的课堂管理，焦点是“社会课程的指导。”
That means reminding students about classroom rules and expectations and teaching them alternatives to disruptive behavio.
就是指要提醒学生课堂纪律和课堂期望，以及教学生用其他方式来代替扰乱课堂的行为。
Even before there's any conflict in the classroom, for instance, teachers could teach children conflict resolution skills.
比如，在出现任何课堂冲突行为之前，老师就要教给学生们解决冲突的技巧。
Addressing children at risk for disruptive behavior. 跟学生强调扰乱课堂的后果。
Teachers facing this problem should first do a functional behavior assessment and then develop an individualized intervention to prevent recurrences.
老师面对这种情况的时候，首先应该做功能性行为评估，然后建立个人干预方案来防止行为复发。
Teachers need to make sure they understand the student's behavior, the functions that are driving that behavior, the settings in which it occurs, the kinds of things that seem to be rewarding the behavior.
老师们需要确信能明白学生的行为，哪种功能驱使这行为，诱发这种行为的环境是什么，哪类事情貌似会助长这种行为。
One possible intervention is to have the student write what's called a behavioral essay, which helps the child understand his or her behavior and generate alternatives.
可能采取的一种干预方法就是让学生写行为记录日记，这样可以帮助孩子看清自己的行为，而且还可以找出替代行为。
Another is a classroom-wide competition for good behavior, which improves behavior while taking the focus off the particular student who's making trouble.
另一个方法就是，在班级范围里鼓励优良行为的竞争，这样在提高集体行为的同时，也会能将聚焦在问题学生上的目光转移开。
这个模式的焦点是扰乱课堂行为，在这个三阶模式中提供了很多详细的信息。
It's crucial for teachers to try interventions at the first two levels before jumping to the third.
但是要强调的是，对于老师来说，最关键的是在跳到第三层次之前尝试在第一个和第二个层次里进行干预。
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发表于 2015-3-20 11:24:00
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