为什么一些孩子比其他人更暴力?父母和老师怎样做才能让这些孩子少暴力一些呢?上世纪80年代,发展心理学家Myrna Shure和 George Spivack寻找这两个问题的答案。
They suspected that children behave violently because they lack interpersonal cognitive problem-solving (ICPS) skills, such as how to brainstorm a variety of solutions to a problem, how to predict the consequences of their own actions, and how to link causes to effects in interpersonal interactions.
他们怀疑孩子的暴力行为是因为他们缺乏个人认知问题的解决能力 (interpersonal cognitive problem-solving,简称ICPS) ,比如如何想出某个问题的多种解决方法,如何预测他们行为的后果,在人际交往中如何将原因和和后果联系起来。
然而,Shure 和Spivak 并不认为这种循环是不可破解的。 Instead, they thought that children could learn ICPS skills just like math or grammar.
相反,他们认为孩子可以通过学习ICPS(个人认知的解决问题能力)技能,比如学习数学和语法,来解决这个难题。
为了检测这一想法,他们主导了一个为时两年的研究,研究对象是幼儿园和小学低年级学生。在前三个月,让一半的学生玩游戏,以及练习关于解决问题的对话,表达他们的感觉。 The researchers did not tell children exactly how to solve their problems, but rather taught the children how to generate possible solutions and how to consider their consequences.
研究人员没有准确地告诉孩子们应该如何解决问题,反而是教他们如何想出可能的解决方案,以及思考这些解决方案的后果。
This research showed that early cognitive intervention can have large and long-lasting effects on children's behavior and interpersonal relationships.
这个研究说明,早期的认知干预对孩子的行为和人际关系有着重大的影响和持久的影响。