Offering praise for students’ work and efforts can alter this mindset so that students can begin to view their own intelligence as something that can be developed. This mind-set of developing intelligence will increase students’ ability to “bounce back” in the face of academic setbacks and other difficulties.
Discouraging students from attributing successes and failures to things over which they have no control (poor luck, or how smart or “dumb” they are).
将成功和失败归因于学生不能控制的因素上(运气差、多么聪明、或者多么愚蠢),会使学生沮丧气馁。
Specifically, students whose teachers praise effort and work strategies rather than praising intelligence will:
老师表扬学生的努力和成果,而不是表扬学生聪明才智的好处:
Apply more, not less, effort when material is difficult for them
当遇到对他们来讲比较难的题目时,会更多的尝试应用知识
Seek challenges
寻求挑战
Set higher goals for themselves
为自己设立更高的目标
Look at failures as opportunities to learn
将失败视为学习的机会
Increase their efforts rather than withdraw effort and attention
投入更多的努力而不是逐渐疲倦反感
Learn more
学习更多的知识
给老师的建议 Do's and don’ts
Do's:
要做的事情:
Notice students’ good efforts and strategies and praise them.
关注学生的努力和有优秀的策略,并且要表扬他们
Be specific about the praised behaviors and reinforce this behavior with your feedback.
使你的表扬行为更加具体化,通过你的反馈强化这种表扬行为
Use praise to link the outcomes of an assignment to students’ efforts.
将表扬与学生付出努力得来的结果联系起来
Talk explicitly and in detail about the strategies a student has used. Comment on which strategies were helpful, and which were not.
明确的把学生所用策略的细节表述出来,并点评哪些是有用的,哪些是没有用的
Ask a student to explain his or her work to you.
要求学生向你说明她或他的学习情况
Don’ts:
不应该做得事情
Don’t offer praise for trivial accomplishments or weak efforts.
不要表扬微不足道的成就或薄弱的努力
Don’t let a student feel ashamed of learning difficulties. Instead, treat each challenge as an opportunity for learning.
不要让学生因为学习困难而感到羞耻,恰恰相反,要让学生把每一次挑战都当做学习的机会。
Don’t ever say, “You are so smart.” in response to good work. Instead, praise the work a student has done, (e.g., “Your argument is very clear;” or “Your homework is very accurate.”)
永远不要以“你好聪明啊”来作为优秀表现的回答,要表扬学生已经做出的成绩(比如,你的论点非常明确,或者“你的作业非常正确”)