When preconceptions are consistent with the concepts in the assigned curriculum, student preconceptions are called anchoring conceptions.
当先入观念与特定环境下所教概念一致时,学生的先入观念被称作“抛锚”概念。在这种情景之下,学习是一件很容易的事情。它会变成这种观念的成长、观念的丰富、并将这种观念添加到已知的知识中。很多时候,老师发现自己所教的概念,学生很难学习到,那是因为学生的先入观念与所授观念不一致。In these cases, preconceptions are termed alternative conceptions or misconceptions. 这这样的例子中,先入观念称之为“相异构想”或“错误概念”。
以下是不同领域里一些常见的“错误概念”的描述
2.Try to learn HOW students are going about solving problems or arriving at their answers.
尝试了解学生们是如何解决问题的,或是怎样得到答案的。懂得这种想法或策略是非常有用的,它会使你的教学更有效。 (详见系列二)
3.Encourage your students to ask questions and then examine the content of those questions.
鼓励你的学生问问题,然后考察这些问题的内容。
4.Ask students to define major concepts, then analyze their definitions for errors in logic or strategy (the rule) that are causing the students to make mistakes.
让你的学生给主要的概念下定义,然后分析这些定义的逻辑性错误,或策略上的错误,或规则上的错误,因为就是这些错误导致学生出错。
5. Use the technique of "differential diagnosis" .
运用“鉴别诊断”技巧。 (详见系列三)
6.Use the technique of DFA (Difficulty Factors Assessment) to identify which features of a problem are either causing student difficulty or facilitating student learning.
运用“困难因素评估”技巧来确定具有哪种特点的问题可以引起学生的学习困难,亦或是促进学生学习。 (详见系列四)
7. Present problems to students to students in which you systematically vary important features of the problem (Brown & Burton, 1978).
将存在的问题展现给学生,你要系统地更改这些问题的特点。 (详见系列四)
8.Provide common misconceptions among the answer choices on a quiz (i.e. multiple choice) or in response to classroom questions.
在课堂小测试或者课堂问题的答案中,设置一些常见的错误概念(例如,多项选择)
9.Give “implicit-confidence” tests. These tests involve a simple modification of the traditional multiple-choice test. (See Klymkowsky, Taylor, Spindler, & Garvin-Doxas, 2006).
做一些“内隐自信”的测试。这些测试都是对传统多项选择的简单修改。 (详见系列五)
10.Administer questionnaires in specific subject matter areas in order to identify whether a misconception is unique to a particular context or is due to a problem with general reasoning or language.
在某个具体的主题领域里设计问卷调查,以便确定某种错误观念是存在于特殊情况下,还是由一个问题引起的普遍性推理或普遍性回答
11.Administer a categorization/sorting task.
执行一个范畴化测试或分类测试 (详见系列六)
12.Have students model (draw or use props) their solutions (Bright, 1996) to a problem and analyze their models for pattern or strategy errors.
获取学生解决问题的模式(通过总结或使用道具),并且分析他们模式上的错误或策略上的错误。
13.Use student memory/recall of problems and definitions as a window into their thinking.
利用学生对问题或定义的记忆作为了解他们想法的窗口。 (详见系列六)
Don'ts
1.Do not jump too quickly to one hypothesis about student thinking processes or reasoning.
不要马上跳入设想学生们的想法或推理过程的圈子。
过早的猜测、思考学生可能出现有的想法,有可能使你错失其他假设,从而导致你失去一个更好的解释方法。
2.Do not stick with or lock onto only one type of response behavior a student may display.
不要只坚持一种或只锁定一种学生可能会有的反应行为。
同样的反映行为是否会出现在不同的情景之下,这要取决于不同问题的特点。
3.Do not make a diagnosis about students’ logic, reasoning or thinking processes on the basis of their performance on one problem or one kind of problem.
不要根据学生们在某一问题或某类问题上的表现,盲目诊断学生们的逻辑、推理或思考过程。
4.When probing students’ understanding, try to avoid asking only general, open-ended questions. And don’t stop probing after asking one question.
想要试探学生们的理解时,试着回避那些一般性的问题,不要问开放式的问题。也不要问完一个问题之后就马上停下来。