Practice is important for teaching and learning in at least five ways:
实践练习对于教和学都很重要,至少以下的五个方面可以显示出其重要性:
1. Practice greatly increases the likelihood that students will permanently remember new information that they encounter by transferring it into their knowledge base.
学生会将遇到的新知识转化为知识基础,并永久的记住,而练习则会极大的增加这种可能性。
2.Practice increases student facility or automaticity (automaticity means learning to apply elements of knowledge automatically, without reflection). Automaticity is usually only achieved through extensive rehearsal and repetition. Automaticity frees up students' cognitive resources to handle more challenging tasks.
练习可以强化学生的天赋或自动性(自动性是指通过机械地学习运用知识元素,但是做不到举一反三)。通常在仅有大量的预演、重复练习而没有其他性质的练习的情况下,才会培养出自动性。自动性解放了学生的认知资源,认知资源无法得到锻炼,而认知资源的缺乏则会导致学生不能处理更具挑战的任务。
3. When students practice solving problems, it appears that they increase their ability to transfer practiced skills to new and more complex problems (Glover, Ronning, & Bruning, 1990).
当学生练习解决问题时,将实践经验转化为新的、更复杂的问题的能力会得到提升。
4. Practice helps students acquire expertise in subject matter and therefore it helps to distinguish novices from experts in given subjects.
实践练习会帮助学生获得相关科目的专业知识,因此人们才会在某些领域里区分出新手和专家。
5. Cognitive gains from practice often bring about motivation for more learning (Kalchman, Moss, & Case, 2001).
从实践中获得的认知常常会使人们获得进一步学习的动力。
General recommendations to teachers regarding practice:
关于练习,给老师们的一般性建议: