一
Definition/定义 00:00:004... ... 00:00:27
Persistent pattern of negativistic,hostile, and defiant behaviors toward adults,including arguments,temper outbursts,vindictiveness,and deliberate annoyance./针对成年人持续的抗拒、敌意和挑衅行为，包括争论、发脾气、记恨和故意惹人生气。
二
解说1 00:00:28... ... 00:01:00
These individuals are children I should say who are very argument,tend to break curfew,can have temper outbursts,act out at home and they deliberately annoying others. However with distinguish oppositional defiant disorder from common disorder is that the common disorder individual will break the rule of society. They do not have the ability to conform the rules of society while oppositional disorder does. That is the mean feature that distinguish is oppositional disorder are from the conduct disorder. /这些小孩，我来表述就是很爱争论、不遵守宵禁、发脾气，在家里发泄并且他们故意惹人厌烦。对立违抗性障碍和一般性的障碍行为区别就是：一般性的障碍还会违反社会规则，他们没有能力遵守社会规则。对立违抗性障碍有能力遵守社会规则，这是对立性违抗性障碍与品行障碍的显著区别。
三
00:01:01... ...00:01:22
Risk Factors/Etidogy 危害因素/病因
. High reactivity and increased motor behavior are innate features of temperament that may predispose to this disorder. 反应性高、多动是易患该障碍的特有人格特征。
. Inconsistent or poor parenting may also contribuce.不一致性和匮乏的教养技能都可以增加病发率。
四
解说2 00:01:23... ...00:01:31
The children go to one parent vers another parent. The parents are not consistent, so that you have the children who have opposinal define disorder./这些孩子去找一方父母，来对付另一方的父母。父母们连续性不强的，你的孩子会有对立违抗性障碍。
五
00:01:32... ...00:02:07
Presenting Symptoms /表现症状
.Prevalence: 10% of school-age children. Occurs at a 1:1 male to female ratio. /流行性：学龄孩子的10%，男女比率是1:1.
.Onset: Usually in latency or early adolescence and may start gradually. Onset later in females./发病：一般潜伏或青年早期，并且逐步发展。女性病发较晚。
.Associated Problems:Family conflict and school failure, low self-esteem and mood lability,early onset of substance abuse. ADHD and learning disorder./ 相关问题：家庭矛盾和学校失意，低自尊和情绪问题，早期药物滥用。 注意缺陷多动障碍和学习障碍。
六
00:02:08... ...00:02:16
Presenting Symptoms/表现症状
.Course:Family conflict often escalates after the onset of sympoms/ 过程：家庭矛盾一般会加大症状的爆发。
.Outcome: Conduct disorder often follows. 后果：后续会有品行障碍出现。
七
00:02:17... ...00:03:10
Treatment /治疗
Parent’s role /父母角色
.Spend time interacting with the child./ 延长和孩子互动的时间。
.Reward desired behavior and do not simply punish undesired behavior./对所期望的行为奖励，并且对不被期望的行为不简单惩罚了事。
.Be consisten in statements and deeds.在观点和行为上表现一致。
.Alternative caregivers may be indictated in some cases./在某些案例里会被判需要改变照看者。
八
解说插入3 00:03:11... ...00:03:23
So when that’s happening in the home which you try to do is teach the parents to basickly spend time with your children. Reinforce the good behavior and ont only punish them when they are bad./所以当（对立违抗障碍）在家庭发生时，你要做的是教父母基础性的和孩子相处。强化好的行为，并且当孩子表现欠佳时不只是简单惩罚。
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发表于 2017-8-16 11:22:47
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发表于 2021-4-11 22:13:18
