So when you’re in class, don’t talk to your friends, send text messages or search the Web for pictures of adorable kittens doing adorable things.
所以,当你在课堂上时,不要和你的好朋友说话,也不要发短信,更不要浏览可爱的猫咪照片或者任何可爱的事物。
在课堂上记好笔记是至关重要的。听课和记笔记的平衡点是:一方面,你想要你的笔记准确和完整;另一方面,你也不想让笔记变成课堂记录,因为那样会很难发现重点。Elliot Aronson (2010),是这一领域最杰出的社会心理学家之一,他在大学的第一个学期中写到:“我发现自己尚未学会如何做一个学生。甚至我不知道的第一件事就是做笔记。我会坐在教室里,听老师讲课,然后拼命地写潦草的笔记。快到期中考试时,我会拿出所有的课堂笔记,然后就发现实际上这些笔记都是难以理解的。”
While you’re listening to your instructor, think about how what you’re hearing is connected to what you already know. Write down key words and phrases, not full sentences and paragraphs the way a court reporter would. The act of sifting through what you’re hearing and distilling it into its important components will help make that information more meaningful.
听老师讲课时要积极思考,把你听到的知识和学过的知识联系起来。写下关键词和解释,而不要记录整句话和老师的在课堂上说的整段话。事实上,筛选你听到的信息并将它们浓缩成重要的元素会使信息更富有意义。
“At the end of every class, I would find a little nook — sometimes even the nearest stairwell — read over my scribbled notes, and neatly summarize them in a page or two.
“在每堂课结束的时候,我都会找一个安静的角落——有时候甚至是楼梯上——看一遍我的笔记,并将它们简洁地总结成一到两页。”
If your notes are dotted with doodles, arrows and asterisks, missing definitions and phrases that just don’t make sense, organize and rewrite them. Fill in the missing definitions or other information by consulting your textbook or your friends’ notes, or asking a teaching assistant or instructor.
如果你的笔记里有标记,箭头和星号,就丢掉没有意义的定义和短语,重新组织和改写它们。通过查看你的课本或参阅同学的笔记来补充丢掉的定义和其他信息,也可以请教教学助理或指导员。
这些活动是自我测试的另一种方法,并且会在你不知道的区域里弥补差距。
Studying for exams
考前冲刺
Secret #7: Once you learn it, don’t drop it. 秘密 7:一旦学会了,就不要丢掉
You might be tempted to skip the parts of a chapter that you feel sure you know. Don’t do it.
你可能会跳过章节中你觉得熟悉的那部分知识,但是千万不要那样做。
Rather than cramming all your attempts to test yourself into one giant awful block of time, test yourself regularly throughout the semester, say once a week (Bjork & Bjork, 2011), and be sure to include material you already know in your regular testing sessions.
不要用填鸭的学习方式学完知识后参加考试,想要一下子检验学习成果,而是应该在一个学期中定期的测试自己,比如一个星期一次,并且要确保学习到的知识被已经包含在测试中。
其实,在明天的考试中表现优秀的秘诀与整个学期中表象优秀的秘诀是一样的。
Secret #9: Forget about your “learning style.” 秘诀 9:放弃你的“学习风格”
But ultimately, a 10th secret of learning is this: No matter how good they are, no course and no textbook can do your work for you.
但是不幸的是,第十个秘诀就是,无论这些秘诀有多好,没有任何一个课程或教材可以代替你做事情。