2. Distribute practice over extended periods of time.
长期的坚持分配练习任务
3. Provide clear instructions on performance expectations and criteria.
在预期效果及效果标准方面给予明确的指导
4. Before asking students to practice independently, model the problem-solving process that you expect students to use.
要求学生独立练习之前，你希望学生如何解决问题，请先示范问题解决的过程
5. Break complex problems into their constituent elements, and have students practice on these smaller elements before asking them to solve complex problems independently.
将复杂问题拆分成一个一个的小问题，让学生先练习这些小问题，然后再独立解决完整的复杂问题 6. Guide students through sample practice problems by using prompts that help them reflect on problem-solving strategies.
运用提示指导学生解决简单的问题，帮助他们思考解决问题的策略
7. Provide students with completed sample problems as well as partially completed problems before asking them to apply new problem-solving strategies on their own.
在要求学生运用新的解决策略之前，给出完整的简单问题的同时，也要给出部分难题
8. Wait until students actually need more information to solve a complex problem. This strategy — known as “just-in-time instruction” — helps keep the amount of information that students must hold in their short-term memories to a manageable level as they practice. The following link provides information on “just in time” teaching.
直到学生真的需要更多的提示才能解决问题时，再给予帮助。这种策略被熟知为“及时指导”，这种及时指导可以帮助学生在短时间记忆中保持大量信息，这种大量信息通常就是学生解决问题时持有的策略信息。
9. Provide plenty of opportunities for students to practice applying problem-solving skills before you test them on their ability to use those skills.
为学生提供大量的机会，让他们可以应用解决策略，然后再测试他们解决问题的能力和技巧。
Don’t
不要这样做：
Don’t ask students to practice complex problem solving without providing them with plenty of guidance and feedback.
不要在未给出足够多的指导及学生效果反馈的情况下，要求学生练习解决大量的复杂问题。
Don’t overload students by presenting information in redundant formats.
不要给以冗杂的形式给学生过多的信息，这样会使学生们无法消化大量信息
Don’t give your students complex practice problems before they have the skills they need to succeed.
学生尚未拥有足够能力解决问题时，不要让他们练习解决复杂问题。
